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A local embedding model turns your text into vectors on hardware you control, so no document or query leaves your machine to get embedded.
You give an LLM long-term memory by adding a layer outside the model that decides what is worth keeping from each conversation, stores it against the right person, updates it when a fact changes, and puts only the relevant slice back into the prompt on the next call.
For agent memory, neither wins on its own: vector search finds past statements that mean something close to the current question, and a knowledge graph connects facts through the same person or company and tells which of two conflicting facts is current.
A graph database stores data as nodes and relationships and answers questions by following those relationships instead of joining tables; use one when your main questions are about paths across connected data, and keep a relational database for records and reporting.
As of 26 September 2026, the best open-source embedding model for most teams is Qwen3-Embedding, which is Apache 2.0, reads 32K tokens and ranks 5th on MTEB English v2 and 4th on MTEB Multilingual v2.
RAG, short for retrieval-augmented generation, is a technique that lets a large language model answer from information it was never trained on: when a question arrives, the application searches a knowledge source for the most relevant passages, places them in the prompt next to the question, and…
Short-term memory in an LLM is whatever sits in the context window on the current call: the system prompt, the recent conversation, tool results and any retrieved text, all re-sent by the application on every request and gone when the request ends.
Nine Claude Skills we run in production, plus one bonus, with the install command for each and what it saves you. Updated September 2026.
Every LLM call is stateless; agent frameworks solve that within a single run, which is why the memory problem only shows up once the run ends.
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